# 文件搜索命令
- find：文件搜索，生产环境慎用，-iname 忽略大小写，find ./-name xxxx
- locate：文件搜索，updatedb，/tmp 目录不收录
- whereis：可执行文件搜索，查配置文件，帮助文档，可执行文件路径， 1 - 命令的帮助，5 - 胚子和文件的帮助，whereis passwd 首先显示命令的帮助
- which：可执行文件搜索
- grep：文件内容搜索，类似还有 cat，tac（逆转显示），more，less（区别于 more，可以往回翻页）
# 帮助命令
查看命令作用，选项；
查看配置文件 name，存放信息，文件格式
man services 如果报 No manual entry for services，执行
$ man ls | |
$ yum install -y man-pages | |
$ yum install -y man-db | |
$ mandb # update the mandb database | |
$ man services | |
$ man passwd | |
$ whereis passwd | |
$ man 5 passwd # 看 passwd 配置文件的帮助文档，默认是看 1 - 命令的帮助文档 | |
$ whatis ls # 命令的简短介绍信息 | |
$ whatis ifconfig | |
$ apropos services | |
$ apropos /etc/inittab # apropos + 配置文件，不要加绝对路径，去掉 /etc/ | |
$ touch --help | |
$ date | |
$ man date | |
$ date 031410272014.18 | |
$ info ls # 和 man 差不多，早期 linux 没有这个命令 | |
$ help umask # 获得 shell 内置命令的帮助信息， | |
$ which cd # shell 内置命令，man 不到，bash builtins， 需要用 help cd | |
$ which umask # shell 内置命令，man 不到，bash builtins，需要用 help umask，umask 指定默认文件权限 | |
$ help if | |
$ help case | |
$ help while |
# 常见端口
telnet 23
ftp 21
http 80
https 443
ssh 22
# 用户管理命令
（1）useradd: 需 root 权限，添加用户
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# useradd yangmi |
（2）passwd：设置密码，root 和 yangmi 可操作，root 用户可以赋予某个 user 简单密码，但是 yangmi 自己不能，需符合复杂度要求
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# passwd yangmi |
（3）who：查看当前登录用户名，登录的终端（tty - 本地终端，pts 远程终端），登陆时间（登录主机地址）
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# who | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# whoami |
（4）w：比 who 获得信息更多，up-linux 连续运行时间，load average（过去 1 分钟，5 分钟，15 分钟负载数），idle 用户登陆过来空闲多久了，pcpu - 当前用户登陆过来占用的 cpu 时间， what - 这个登录用户正在做什么
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# w | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# uptime |
# 压缩解压命令
绝大多数病毒很难感染压缩文件，
（1）gzip：压缩格式.gz，压缩后源文件不见
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# pwd | |
/tmp | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# rm -rf * | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# touch boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# rm boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# cp /etc/services /tmp/boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# |
（2）gunzip：解压缩，gunzip (gzip -d), 只能压缩文件
# 压缩 & 解压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls -l | |
total 136 | |
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136085 Jul 15 21:49 boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gunzip boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls -l | |
total 656 | |
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 15 21:49 boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls -l | |
total 136 | |
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 136085 Jul 15 21:49 boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip -d boduo.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls -l | |
total 656 | |
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 670293 Jul 15 21:49 boduo | |
# gzip 不可压缩目录 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# pwd | |
/tmp | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# mkdir japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# mkdir japan/boduo japan/cangjing japan/longze | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip japan/ | |
gzip: japan/ is a directory -- ignored | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# |
（3）tar：打包 + 压缩，先打包再压缩，可打包目录，-c 创建压缩，-x 解包，-v 显示详细信息，-f 指定解压文件，-z 解压缩
# 压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# tar -cvf japan.tar japan | |
japan/ | |
japan/cangjing/ | |
japan/longze/ | |
japan/boduo/ | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan japan.tar | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# gzip japan.tar | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan japan.tar.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# 压缩（一条命令） | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# pwd | |
/tmp | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# tar -zcf japan.tar.gz japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan japan.tar.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# 解压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan japan.tar.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# rm -rf japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan.tar.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# tar -zxvf japan.tar.gz | |
japan/ | |
japan/cangjing/ | |
japan/longze/ | |
japan/boduo/ | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
japan japan.tar.gz | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# |
（4）zip：windows、linux 都支持的压缩格式，能保留源文件， -r 压缩目录
# 压缩文件和目录 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# zip boduo.zip boduo | |
adding: boduo (stored 0%) | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.zip japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# zip -r japan.zip japan | |
adding: japan/ (stored 0%) | |
adding: japan/cangjing/ (stored 0%) | |
adding: japan/longze/ (stored 0%) | |
adding: japan/boduo/ (stored 0%) | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.zip japan japan.zip | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# 解压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo.zip japan.zip | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# unzip boduo.zip | |
Archive: boduo.zip | |
extracting: boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# unzip japan.zip | |
Archive: japan.zip | |
creating: japan/ | |
creating: japan/cangjing/ | |
creating: japan/longze/ | |
creating: japan/boduo/ | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.zip japan japan.zip | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# |
（5）bzip2：gzip 升级版本， -k 产生压缩包并保留源文件，压缩比很高，推荐压缩大文件
# 压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# bzip2 -k boduo | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.bz2 japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# tar -cjf japan.tar.bz2 japan | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.bz2 japan japan.tar.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# 解压缩 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo.bz2 japan.tar.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# bunzip2 -k boduo.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.bz2 japan.tar.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# tar -xjf japan.tar.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# ls | |
boduo boduo.bz2 japan japan.tar.bz2 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# |
# 网络命令
（1）write：给在线用户发信息，即时通信，ctrl+d 保存结束
# root 用户终端 发送 信息 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# write linzhiling | |
Hello linzhiling~ | |
heihei~ | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# linzhiling 用户终端 收到 信息 | |
[linzhiling@core-pods-3 ~]$ | |
Message from root@core-pods-3.localdomain on pts/1 at 22:29 ... | |
Hello linzhiling~ | |
heihei~ | |
EOF |
（2）wall：发广播消息，wall 是 write all 缩写， wall [message]
# root 用户发广播消息 | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# wall linzhiling play basketball | |
Broadcast message from root@core-pods-3.localdomain (pts/1) (Fri Jul 15 22:33:39 2022): | |
linzhiling play basketball | |
[root@core-pods-3 tmp]# | |
# 其他在线用户收到 | |
[linzhiling@core-pods-3 ~]$ | |
Broadcast message from root@core-pods-3.localdomain (pts/1) (Fri Jul 15 22:33:39 2022): | |
linzhiling play basketball |
（3）ping：-c 指定发送次数，发送 icmp 请求包，看回应，测试网络连通性， ping ip ，重点看 packet loss 丢包率
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# ping 140.82.112.4 | |
PING 140.82.112.4 (140.82.112.4) 56(84) bytes of data. | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=54.9 ms | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=54.9 ms | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=3 ttl=54 time=54.8 ms | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=4 ttl=54 time=54.8 ms | |
^C | |
--- 140.82.112.4 ping statistics --- | |
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms | |
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 54.876/54.903/54.926/0.235 ms | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# ping -c 3 140.82.112.4 | |
PING 140.82.112.4 (140.82.112.4) 56(84) bytes of data. | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=54.8 ms | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=54.9 ms | |
64 bytes from 140.82.112.4: icmp_seq=3 ttl=54 time=55.0 ms | |
--- 140.82.112.4 ping statistics --- | |
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2002ms | |
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 54.883/54.957/55.037/0.201 ms | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# ping -c 2 www.github.com | |
PING github.com (192.30.255.112) 56(84) bytes of data. | |
64 bytes from lb-192-30-255-112-sea.github.com (192.30.255.112): icmp_seq=1 ttl=55 time=33.2 ms | |
64 bytes from lb-192-30-255-112-sea.github.com (192.30.255.112): icmp_seq=2 ttl=55 time=33.3 ms | |
--- github.com ping statistics --- | |
2 packets transmitted, 2 received, 0% packet loss, time 1001ms | |
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 33.206/33.256/33.307/0.189 ms | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
（4）ifconfig：查看当前的网络状态，网卡信息，eth0 本地真实网卡，lo 回环网卡 - 本机通信测试的（通常是 127.0.0.1），MAC 地址是固化到网卡上制度存储器上
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# ifconfig | |
eth0: xxxx | |
eth1: xxxx | |
lo: xxxx | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# ifconfig eth0 192.168.8.250 # 临时修改 ip 地址，局域网 |
（5）mail：发送电子邮件，不是用邮件服务器，用的是内存，网可以不通，mail root，如 commaind not found，yum install mailx
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# mail root # ctrl + D 发送 | |
Subject: Test | |
Hello Nihao~ | |
EOT | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# mail root | |
Subject: Test | |
Hello Nihao~ | |
EOT | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# mail | |
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help. | |
"/var/spool/mail/root": 2 messages 2 new | |
>N 1 root Sun Jul 17 22:33 18/618 "test" | |
N 2 root Sun Jul 17 22:35 18/619 "Test" | |
& 2 | |
Message 2: | |
From root@core-pods-3.localdomain Sun Jul 17 22:35:01 2022 | |
Return-Path: <root@core-pods-3.localdomain> | |
X-Original-To: root | |
Delivered-To: root@core-pods-3.localdomain | |
Date: Sun, 17 Jul 2022 22:35:01 -0400 | |
To: root@core-pods-3.localdomain | |
Subject: Test | |
User-Agent: Heirloom mailx 12.5 7/5/10 | |
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii | |
From: root@core-pods-3.localdomain (root) | |
Status: R | |
Hello Nihao~ | |
& help | |
mail commands | |
type <message list> type messages | |
next goto and type next message | |
from <message list> give head lines of messages | |
headers print out active message headers | |
delete <message list> delete messages | |
undelete <message list> undelete messages | |
save <message list> folder append messages to folder and mark as saved | |
copy <message list> folder append messages to folder without marking them | |
write <message list> file append message texts to file, save attachments | |
preserve <message list> keep incoming messages in mailbox even if saved | |
Reply <message list> reply to message senders | |
reply <message list> reply to message senders and all recipients | |
mail addresses mail to specific recipients | |
file folder change to another folder | |
quit quit and apply changes to folder | |
xit quit and discard changes made to folder | |
! shell escape | |
cd <directory> chdir to directory or home if none given | |
list list names of all available commands | |
A <message list> consists of integers, ranges of same, or other criteria | |
separated by spaces. If omitted, mail uses the last message typed. | |
& h | |
N 1 root Sun Jul 17 22:33 18/618 "test" | |
> 2 root Sun Jul 17 22:35 18/619 "Test" | |
& d 2 | |
& h | |
>N 1 root Sun Jul 17 22:33 18/618 "test" | |
& q | |
Held 1 message in /var/spool/mail/root | |
You have mail in /var/spool/mail/root | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
（6）last：列出目前与过去系统用户登录信息，系统启动信息
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# last | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.101 Sun Jul 17 22:34 still logged in | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.101 Sun Jul 17 22:21 - 22:33 (00:12) | |
linzhili pts/2 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 22:29 - 02:03 (03:33) | |
root pts/2 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 22:27 - 22:28 (00:00) | |
root pts/1 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 21:55 - 02:03 (04:07) | |
root pts/1 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 21:45 - 21:55 (00:10) | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.105 Thu Jul 14 23:56 - 05:27 (05:30) | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.111 Thu Jul 14 11:34 - 12:05 (00:31) | |
root pts/1 116.149.199.174 Thu Jul 14 11:09 - 11:14 (00:05) | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.99 Thu Jul 7 04:28 - 05:24 (00:55) | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.99 Thu Jul 7 02:59 - 04:28 (01:28) | |
root pts/2 116.149.207.92 Wed Jul 6 09:06 - 09:36 (00:29) | |
root pts/1 116.149.207.92 Wed Jul 6 09:05 - 09:06 (00:01) | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.102 Tue Jul 5 05:19 - 05:22 (00:03) | |
root pts/0 64.104.44.107 Fri Jul 1 00:12 - 05:23 (05:10) | |
root pts/0 64.104.44.107 Fri Jul 1 00:10 - 00:11 (00:00) | |
reboot system boot 4.10.4-1.el7.elr Thu Jun 30 05:22 - 22:40 (17+17:17) | |
wtmp begins Thu Jun 30 05:22:22 2022 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# lastlog | |
Username Port From Latest | |
root pts/1 64.104.44.101 Sun Jul 17 22:34:30 -0400 2022 | |
bin **Never logged in** | |
daemon **Never logged in** | |
adm **Never logged in** | |
lp **Never logged in** | |
sync **Never logged in** | |
shutdown **Never logged in** | |
halt **Never logged in** | |
mail **Never logged in** | |
operator **Never logged in** | |
games **Never logged in** | |
ftp **Never logged in** | |
nobody **Never logged in** | |
systemd-bus-proxy **Never logged in** | |
systemd-network **Never logged in** | |
dbus **Never logged in** | |
polkitd **Never logged in** | |
tss **Never logged in** | |
sshd **Never logged in** | |
postfix **Never logged in** | |
chrony **Never logged in** | |
nginx **Never logged in** | |
linzhiling pts/2 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 22:29:42 -0400 2022 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# cat /etc/passwd|grep linzhiling | |
linzhiling:x:1000:1000::/home/linzhiling:/bin/bash | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# lastlog -u 1000 | |
Username Port From Latest | |
linzhiling pts/2 116.149.199.7 Fri Jul 15 22:29:42 -0400 2022 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
(7) traceroute：显示数据包到主机间的路径信息，路由追踪
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# traceroute 140.82.112.4 | |
traceroute to 140.82.112.4 (140.82.112.4), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets | |
1 * * * | |
2 lax1-5-1.it7.net (192.161.172.5) 0.939 ms 0.932 ms 0.905 ms | |
3 lax1-fatpipe-1.it7.net (69.12.70.234) 0.303 ms lax1-fatpipe-1.it7.net (69.12.70.232) 0.272 ms lax1-fatpipe-1.it7.net (69.12.70.234) 0.375 ms | |
4 et-8-1-6.mcs1.lax112.us.eth.zayo.com.zip.zayo.com (208.185.217.229) 0.501 ms 0.502 ms las-b24-link.ip.twelve99.net (213.248.71.105) 0.672 ms | |
5 rest-bb1-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.114.87) 59.724 ms ae1.cs2.lax112.us.eth.zayo.com (64.125.28.236) 57.966 ms ash-bb2-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.121.221) 55.369 ms | |
6 * ash-b2-link.ip.twelve99.net (62.115.123.123) 55.803 ms * | |
7 * * github-ic345015-ash-b2.ip.twelve99-cust.net (62.115.175.99) 57.507 ms | |
8 * * * | |
9 * * * | |
10 * * * | |
11 * * * | |
12 * * * | |
13 * * * | |
14 * * * | |
15 * * * | |
16 * * * | |
17 * * * | |
18 * * * | |
19 * * * | |
20 * * * | |
21 * * * | |
22 * * * | |
23 * * * | |
24 * * * | |
25 * * * | |
26 * * * | |
27 * * * | |
28 * * * | |
29 * * * | |
30 * * * | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# traceroute www.sina.com.cn | |
traceroute to www.sina.com.cn (8.45.176.232), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets | |
1 * * * | |
2 lax1-5-1.it7.net (192.161.172.5) 0.861 ms 0.882 ms 0.898 ms | |
3 lax1-fatpipe-1.it7.net (69.12.70.232) 0.341 ms 0.314 ms lax1-fatpipe-1.it7.net (69.12.70.234) 0.227 ms | |
4 las-b24-link.ip.twelve99.net (213.248.71.105) 0.546 ms 63.218.212.169 (63.218.212.169) 0.655 ms 0.593 ms | |
5 * * Bundle-Ether4.br05.lax05.pccwbtn.net (63.223.43.198) 0.841 ms | |
6 * * * | |
7 * * * | |
8 * * * | |
9 * * * | |
10 * * * | |
11 * * * | |
12 * * * | |
13 * * * | |
14 * * * | |
15 * * * | |
16 * * * | |
17 * * * | |
18 * * * | |
19 * * * | |
20 * * * | |
21 * * * | |
22 * * * | |
23 * * * | |
24 * * * | |
25 * * * | |
26 * * * | |
27 * * * | |
28 * * * | |
29 * * * | |
30 * * * | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
（8）netstat：查询网络状态，显示网络相关信息。-t 查询 TCP 协议，-u 查询 UDP 协议，-l 监听，-r 路由，-n 显示 ip 和端口号，-a 指 all
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# netstat -tlun | |
Active Internet connections (only servers) | |
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:29108 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:12345 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 :::29108 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:12345 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:44291 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:52960 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10096 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp6 0 0 :::55543 :::* | |
udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* | |
udp6 0 0 :::52960 :::* | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# netstat -an | |
Active Internet connections (servers and established) | |
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:29108 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:12345 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:443 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN | |
tcp 0 0 104.225.146.204:443 3.219.234.229:28645 SYN_RECV | |
tcp 0 232 104.225.146.204:29108 64.104.44.101:3100 ESTABLISHED | |
tcp6 0 0 :::29108 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 ::1:25 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 :::443 :::* LISTEN | |
tcp6 0 0 :::80 :::* LISTEN | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:12345 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:44291 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:323 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:52960 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:10096 0.0.0.0:* | |
udp6 0 0 :::55543 :::* | |
udp6 0 0 ::1:323 :::* | |
udp6 0 0 :::52960 :::* | |
Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) | |
Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9004 /run/systemd/notify | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9006 /run/systemd/cgroups-agent | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 9017 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 5 [ ] DGRAM 9020 /run/systemd/journal/socket | |
unix 16 [ ] DGRAM 9022 /dev/log | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 13139 /var/run/NetworkManager/private-dhcp | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 12643 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 130919 /var/run/acpid.socket | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128816 public/pickup | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128820 public/cleanup | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128823 public/qmgr | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128827 private/tlsmgr | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128830 private/rewrite | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128833 private/bounce | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128836 private/defer | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128839 private/trace | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128842 private/verify | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128845 public/flush | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128848 private/proxymap | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128851 private/proxywrite | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128854 private/smtp | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128857 private/relay | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128860 public/showq | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128863 private/error | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128866 private/retry | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128869 private/discard | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128872 private/local | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128875 private/virtual | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128878 private/lmtp | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128881 private/anvil | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 128884 private/scache | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] SEQPACKET LISTENING 123554 /run/udev/control | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 9934 /run/systemd/shutdownd | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 131335 @/sys/entropy/haveged | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 130257 /var/run/chrony/chronyd.sock | |
unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 124122 /run/systemd/private | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 129639 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 129169 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128886 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 129638 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 129185 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128862 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128861 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128882 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128885 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 131036 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 129232 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128883 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12701 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13624 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128864 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 275950 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 129443 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128865 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128814 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128403 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 129005 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128822 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 123559 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 127656 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128817 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 178619 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 12863 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12869 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 131122 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130660 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12870 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130698 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130001 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 178618 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 129007 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 178620 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128815 | |
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 123574 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 130915 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12918 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 131035 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 130070 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128821 | |
unix 3 [ ] DGRAM 123573 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 12901 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128818 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 14129 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128825 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128850 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128840 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128834 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130523 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128856 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128828 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 178621 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 129838 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13770 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128867 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128832 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128852 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 12939 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130072 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128841 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128829 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128855 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22988 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128837 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22985 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128846 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128868 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 14228 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128859 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128838 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12952 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128831 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22984 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 130250 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128824 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128849 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128835 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13769 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 129836 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128847 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128858 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 22987 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128853 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12766 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13982 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128877 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12722 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 13981 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128843 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128874 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 124121 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12768 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 130071 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128870 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128876 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 123542 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 124184 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128880 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 276669 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128844 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128873 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128879 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 13189 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 161959 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 128871 | |
unix 2 [ ] DGRAM 13188 | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 124186 /run/systemd/journal/stdout | |
unix 3 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 12721 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# netstat -rn | |
Kernel IP routing table | |
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface | |
0.0.0.0 104.225.144.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0 | |
23.252.98.117 104.225.144.1 255.255.255.255 UGH 0 0 0 eth0 | |
104.225.144.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.240.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 | |
169.254.254.254 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth1 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
（9）setup：配置网络，redhat 专有，支持防火墙，配置 ip 地址 (永久生效)，系统服务配置，DHCP - 自动分配、自动获取服务，yum install setuptool
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# setup | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# service network restart | |
Restarting network (via systemctl): [ OK ] | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# |
（10）mount：挂载，把设备连接到挂载点（理解为盘符，比如 windows C，D，E 盘）
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# mkdir /mnt/cdrom | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# mount -t iso9660 /dev/sr0 /mnt/cdrom/ | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# unmount /dev/sr0 # 或者是 umount | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# cd /mnt/cdrom/ | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# ll |
# 关机重启命令
（1）shutdown：-h 关机（服务器一般不允许关机），-r 重启，-c 取消前一个关机命令。关机前先停服务，伤物理硬盘，多用户。
# 推荐命令 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# shutdown -h now | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# shutdown -h 20:30 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# shutdown -r now | |
# 其他关机命令 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# halt | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# poweroff | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# init 0 | |
# 其他重启命令 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# reboot | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# init 6 # 系统运行级别 | |
# 系统运行级别 0~6： | |
# 0 - 关机 | |
# 1 - 单用户（类似 windows F8-> 安全模式 - 做修复），没有图形界面 | |
# 2 - 不完全多用户，不包含 NFS（linux、unix 两个系统之间文件共享服务，不建议使用 NFS 做文件共享，安全风险）服务，也没有网络，没有图形界面 | |
# 3 - 完全多用户，字符界面，没有图形界面 | |
# 4 - 未分配 | |
# 5-X11（代表 linux 图形界面），图形界面 | |
# 6 - 重启 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# cat /etc/inittab # 修改系统运行级别： id:3:initdefault: | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# runlevel # 查看系统运行级别： | |
N 3 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# init 5 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# runlevel | |
3 5 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# init 3 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# runlevel | |
5 3 | |
[root@core-pods-3 cdrom]# logout # 退出 |
# Vim 常用操作
早期版本叫 Vi，没有菜单，只有命令。分为命令模式 / 插入模式 / 编辑模式。
(1) 常见操作
# vi filename 进入命令模式 | |
# - 命令模式下，输入 i a o 进入插入模式（按 ESC 返回命令模式） | |
# - 命令模式下，输入：进入编辑模式 | |
[root@core-pods-3 ~]# vi test | |
# 定位命令 | |
# G 跳转到文档末尾 | |
# nG 跳转到第 n 行，如：32G，到第 32 行 | |
# gg 跳转到文档首行 | |
# 0 光标移动到行首 | |
# $ 光标移动到行尾 | |
# :set nu 显示行号 | |
# :set nonu 取消行号 | |
# :n 到第 n 行，如：32，到第 32 行 | |
# 插入命令 | |
# a 在当前光标所在字符后插入 | |
# A 在当前光标所在行行尾插入 | |
# i 在当前光标所在字符前插入 | |
# I 在当前光标所在行行首插入 | |
# o 在当前光标的下一行插入新行 | |
# O 在当前光标的上一行插入新行 | |
# 删除命令 | |
# x 删除光标所在处字符 | |
# nx 删除光标所在处后 n 个字符，包含光标所在处字符 | |
# dd 删除光标所在的当前行 | |
# dG 删除光标所在行 及 所在行到文件末尾 的所有内容 | |
# D 删除光标所在行 到 行尾 的内容 | |
# :n1,n2d 删除第 n1 行到 n2 行之间文件内容，包含 n1 和 n2 行 | |
# 复制和剪切命令 | |
# yy 复制当前行 | |
# nyy 复制当前行以下 n 行 | |
# dd 剪切当前行 | |
# ndd 剪切当前行以下 n 行 | |
# p，P 粘贴在当前光标所在行下方 或 上方 | |
# 替换和取消命令 | |
# r 取代光标所在处字符 | |
# R 从光标所在处开始替换字符，按 Esc 结束 | |
# u 取消上一步操作，撤销 undo | |
# 搜索和搜索替换命令 | |
# /string 搜索指定字符串，搜索时忽略大小写:set ic | |
# n 搜索指定字符串的下一个出现位置 | |
# :% s/old/new/g 全文替换指定字符串，（g 不询问，c 询问） | |
# :n1,n2s/old/new/g 在一定范围内替换指定字符串 | |
# 保存和退出命令 | |
# :w 保存修改：write | |
# :w new_filename 另存为指定文件 | |
# :wq 保存并退出：write quit | |
# ZZ 快捷键，保存修改并退出 | |
# :q! 不保存修改退出 | |
# :wq! 保存修改并退出（文件所有者和 root 可使用） |
（2）使用技巧
可以在用户根目录下.vimrc 下定义一些快捷键或常用命令之类的信息，这样即便重启也是生效的
# 导入命令执行结果 :r ! 命令 | |
# :r /etc/issue # 从光标处导入某个文件内容 | |
# :!which ls # 查看 ls 命令所在路径 | |
# :r !date # 导入当前日期 | |
# 定义快捷键 :map 快捷键 触发命令 | |
# :map ^P I#<Esc> # 注意 ^P 的颜色，这里不是 shift+6，而是 ctrl + V 和 ctrl + P, 定义快捷键后可以自动通过 ctrl + p 给某一行加注释 | |
# :map ^B 0x # | |
# 注释连续行 | |
# :n1,n2s/^/#/g # :1,4s/^/#/g 将第一行到第四行注释掉，取消注释 :1,4s/^#//g | |
# :n1,n2s/^#//g | |
# :n1,n2s/^/\/\//g # 插入 “//” 注释 | |
# 替换 | |
# :ab jalen jalchu@cisco.com # 敲入 jalen 后会空格或回车，自动变成 jalchu@cisco.com, 有点像定义宏 |
